2.1.1. Проворачивание the engine

In the block of cylinders details of shatunno-piston group and greasing system are located a cranked shaft. Outside of the block auxiliary units, such as the generator, the pump of the hydraulic booster of a steering, a starter and ignition system take places. All blocks of series Zetec are cast from an aluminium alloy, blocks from grey pig-iron is applied on turbodiesel Endura.

The head of cylinders in modern engines is made of easy alloys. Inlet and final collectors join a head. In the head channels of system of cooling and greasing, the saddles of valves directing the plugs of valves, basic necks of a camshaft are located. Between a head and the block the lining of a head of the block is put.

In cylinders the pistons making back and forth motions from the top dead point (ВМТ) to bottom (НМТ) are located. Diameters of cylinders and pistons steal up one dimensional group. At work of the engine cylinders are cooled by a liquid.

Pistons move in cylinders and transfer pressure of the gases formed as a result of combustion of a gas mixture, through a rod to a cranked shaft. Pistons are made of especially easy alloyed and heat resisting alloy. The piston finger connects the piston to a rod. The top piston rings (компрессионные) condense the combustion chamber. The bottom rings (маслосъемные) remove surpluses of oil from walls of the cylinder and take away it in the oil pallet.

Designation of engines and applicability on norms of toxicity

Engine designation	The engine	Date of issue	Applicability
FXDA	1,4 l	Till May - June, 2000	Europe (Except Germany)
FXDC	1,4 l	Till May - June, 2000	Germany
FYDA	1,6 l	Till May - June, 2000	Europe (Except Germany)
FYDC	1,6 l	Till May - June, 2000	Germany
FYDG	1,6 l	Till May - June, 2000	Corresponds ECE-R1504
EYDA	1,8 l	Since May - June, 1999	Europe
EYDC	1,8 l	Since May - June, 1999	Germany
EDDA	2,0 l	Since May - June, 1999	Europe
EDDC	2,0 l	Since May - June, 1999	Germany

Specifications

The characteristic	The engine
	1,4 l Zetec-SE	1,6 l Zetec-SE	1,8 l Zetec-E	2,0 l Zetec-E	1,8 l Endura	1,8 l Endura-DI
Type	4-taktnyj, рядный, petrol, DOНC				4-taktnyj, рядный diesel, SOНC
Working volume of cylinders, sm 3	1,388	1,596	1,796	1,988	1,753	1,753
Diameter of the cylinder, mm	76	79	80,6	84,8	82,5	82,5
Piston stroke, mm	76,5	81,4	88	88	82	82
Compression degree	11	11	10	10	19,4	19,4
Operating procedure of cylinders	1-3-4-2
Capacity of the engine at frequency of rotation of a cranked shaft, kw (h.p.) of mines-1	55 (75)/5000	74 (100)/6000	85 (115)/5200	96(130) 5500	55(75) 4000	66 (90) 4000
The maximum moment of the engine at frequency of rotation of a cranked shaft, Nm/mines-1	123/3500	145/4000	160/4400	178/4500	175/1800	200/2000
Size of thermal backlashes in valves (the engine cold):
Inlet, mm	0,17-0,23	0,17-0,23	0,11-0,18	0,11-0,18		0,30-0,40
Final, mm	0,27-0,33	0,31-0,37	0,31-0,37	0,27-0,34		0,45-0,55
Internal diameter of the cylinder, mm:
Class 1	76,00-76.01	79,00-79,01	80,60-80,61	84,80-84,81	82,500-82,515	82,500-82,515
Class 2	76,01-76,02	79,01-79.02	80,61-80,62	84,81-84,82	82,515-82,530	82,515-82,530
Class 3	76,02-76,03	79,02-79,03	80,62-80,63	84,82-84,83
Diameter of the piston, mm:
Class 1	75,96-75,97	78,975-79,005	80,57-80,58	84,77-84,78	82,410-82,425	82,410-82,425
Class 2	75,97-75,98	78,985-79,015	80,58-80,59	84,78-84,79	82,425-82,440	82,425-82,440
Class 3	75,98-75,99	78,995-79,025	80,59-80,60	84,79-84,80

The rod connects the piston to cranked shaft. The basic parts of a rod: an aperture for a piston finger, the case and a demountable head with a cover.

Fig. 42. The block of cylinders of engines of series Zetec-SE consists of the aluminium alloy alloyed by silicon: 1 — the block of cylinders; 2 — loose leaves of radical bearings; 3 — a cranked shaft; 4 — a cover of radical bearings

The cranked shaft will transform piston back and forth motion to the rotary. Modern cranked shaft make a method of hot punching. The cranked shaft has 5 radical and 4 шатунных bearings (fig. 42).

Valves carry out an admission of a gas mixture and release of the fulfilled gases.

Fig. 43. The Camshaft: 1 — a final camshaft; 2 — an inlet camshaft; 3 — the inlet valve; 4 — the inlet channel; 5 — the combustion chamber; 6 — the final channel; 7 — the final valve

The camshaft opens and closes valves during precisely certain time. On engines Endura one camshaft located in a head of the block (SОНС) is established. On engines Zetec — two camshafts also located in a block head (DОНС) (fig. 43).

Admission — 1st step. The piston makes a course from ВМТ to НМТ, the inlet valve is opened, the gas mixture arrives in the cylinder.

Compression — 2nd step. The piston makes a course from НМТ to ВМТ and compresses a gas mixture. Inlet and final valves are closed.

Working course — a 3-step. Already before ВМТ the compressed working mix will ignite from a spark plug spark. The working mix burns down взрывообразно, because of accruing pressure the piston moves to НМТ. The rod transfers movement to a cranked shaft, forcing it to rotate.

Release — 4th step. The inertial weight of a flywheel forces the piston to move again to ВМТ. The final valve is already opened, and the burnt down (exhaust) gases can leave in an exhaust system.

The diesel engine works on the same process. At a step "admission" pure air arrives in the cylinder. It soaks up pure air. In the end of a compression step when fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, there is a spontaneous ignition of a gas mixture without additional ignition (spark). Degree of compression at a diesel engine considerably above, than at the petrol engine.

The working volume of the cylinder (a Fig. 44) is measured by movement of the piston from ВМТ to НМТ.

The combustion chamber does not influence size of working volume. Volume of the chamber of combustion together with working volume form cylinder total amount.

Fig. 44. Working volume of the cylinder: 1 — the top wall of the chamber of combustion; 2 — volume of the chamber of combustion; 3 — ВМТ; 4 — НМТ; 5 — working volume of the cylinder

Compression degree — the relation of full volume of the cylinder to volume of the chamber of combustion. At turbodiesel Endura compression degree makes 19,4:1. Engine Zetec-SE has compression degree 11:1 and the engine of series Е — compression degree 10:1 (fig. 44).